Mission Archive

NASA · 2005

Tempel 1, Hartley 2

A NASA mission that fired a 372 kg impactor into comet Tempel 1 to expose material from beneath its surface. The flyby spacecraft later visited a second comet, Hartley 2, as the EPOXI mission.

NASA · 2004

Low Earth orbit

A NASA observatory that caught gamma-ray bursts and turned within about a minute to observe their afterglows in X-ray, ultraviolet and visible light. Built for a two-year mission, it observed more than 2,000 bursts over nearly 22 years, until atmospheric drag pulled it too low to point steadily.

NASA · 2004

Mercury

The first spacecraft to orbit Mercury. Over four years it mapped the whole planet and found water ice in permanently shadowed craters near the poles.

ESA · 2004

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, Šteins, Lutetia

An ESA mission that became the first to orbit a comet, following 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko for two years and delivering the Philae lander to its surface.

ESA · 2003

Moon

ESA's first mission to the Moon, built to test solar-electric propulsion. It spiralled out from Earth orbit over 13 months and then mapped the lunar surface.

NASA · 2003

Heliocentric orbit

The last of NASA's Great Observatories, an infrared telescope that trailed the Earth around the Sun for 16 years. It studied young stars, distant galaxies and exoplanets, including the seven Earth-sized planets of TRAPPIST-1.

NASA · 2003

Mars

One of NASA's twin Mars Exploration Rovers, built to last 90 days. It drove more than 45 km across Meridiani Planum over 14 years and found minerals that form in water.

NASA · 2003

Mars

One of NASA's twin Mars Exploration Rovers, which explored Gusev crater for more than six years and found evidence that hot water once flowed there.

ESA · 2003

Mars

ESA's first mission to another planet. Its orbiter has studied Mars since 2003, finding water ice at the south pole and signs of liquid water beneath it.

JAXA · 2003

Itokawa

The first mission to return samples from an asteroid, bringing back grains from Itokawa in 2010 after a seven-year journey troubled by failed reaction wheels, fuel leaks and a lost signal.

ESA · 2002

High Earth orbit

ESA's gamma-ray observatory, which observed for more than 22 years. It studied black holes, neutron stars and the gamma-ray glow of the Milky Way, and helped pinpoint the 2017 neutron-star merger first detected in gravitational waves.

NASA · 2001

Sun–Earth L2

The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, which mapped the cosmic microwave background from the Sun–Earth L2 point. It fixed the age of the Universe at about 13.8 billion years and measured its mix of ordinary matter, dark matter and dark energy.

NASA · 2001

Mars

NASA's longest-serving Mars orbiter, which mapped the planet's surface chemistry, found vast deposits of buried water ice and has relayed data for every rover since Spirit.

ESA · 1999

High Earth orbit

ESA's X-ray observatory, whose three telescopes give it an unusually large collecting area for studying faint sources, from comets to distant galaxy clusters.

NASA · 1999

High Earth orbit

The third of NASA's Great Observatories, an X-ray telescope with the sharpest vision of any yet flown. It studies black holes, supernova remnants and the hot gas in galaxy clusters.

NASA · 1999

Wild 2, Tempel 1

The first mission to bring back samples from a comet, catching dust from comet Wild 2 in aerogel and returning it to Earth in 2006. The spacecraft then flew on to visit comet Tempel 1.

NASA · 1998

Mars

A NASA orbiter intended to study the Martian climate and relay data for Mars Polar Lander. It was lost on arrival when it passed too close to the planet, after thruster data was supplied in imperial units where metric was expected.

NASA/ESA/ASI · 1997

Jupiter, Saturn, Titan

A joint NASA, ESA and Italian Space Agency mission that orbited Saturn for 13 years and landed the Huygens probe on Titan. It ended with a planned dive into Saturn's atmosphere.

NASA · 1996

Mars

A NASA technology demonstration that landed on Mars cushioned by airbags and delivered Sojourner, the first rover to operate on another planet.

NASA · 1996

Mars

A NASA orbiter that mapped Mars for nine years, charting its topography and magnetic field and finding gullies that suggested recent liquid water.

NASA · 1996

Eros, Mathilde

The first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid and the first to land on one, settling onto Eros in 2001 after a year in orbit around it. On the way it flew past the asteroid Mathilde.

ESA · 1995

High Earth orbit

ESA's Infrared Space Observatory, which made more than 26,000 observations and found water vapour in star-forming clouds, around old stars and in the atmospheres of the giant planets.

NASA · 1991

Low Earth orbit

The second of NASA's Great Observatories, which studied the Universe in gamma rays and showed that gamma-ray bursts come from all directions in the sky. At 17 tonnes it was the heaviest astrophysics payload flown at the time.

NASA/DLR/SERC · 1990

Low Earth orbit

A German-led X-ray observatory, built with the United States and the United Kingdom, that made the first imaging X-ray survey of the whole sky and catalogued more than 150,000 sources.